Wikipedia's India War

The Hindu American Foundation page offers a case study in how edit histories, sourcing choices, and a handful of persistent contributors shape digital knowledge.

Over nearly a decade, the world’s first crowdsourced encyclopedia has evolved into the locus of dozens of political, geopolitical, social, and cultural conflicts. While American politics, gender, Israel-Palestine, and many more topics have been consumed for years, the flames have spread to a new battleground: Hindus and India.

One of the biggest targets of this effort is Hindu American Foundation (HAF), an influential Hindu-focused civil rights organization in the US. Over the past five years, HAF has been subject to a highly coordinated narrative campaign that has sought to portray the group as an instrument of “Hindu supremacy” working in American politics to silence debate and stifle academic freedom.

A read of the Hindu American Foundation’s Wikipedia page paints a dark picture indeed. In the article’s lead, readers are informed that HAF “aligns with the Hindu nationalist ideology.” According to Wikipedia, the group is responsible for “impinging on academic freedom,” has its roots in a “paramilitary” organization, and its key programs—like an effort to emphasize yoga’s roots in Hindu religious practice—are a covert “attempt to rebrand Hindutva as ‘Hindu rights.’”

These charged moral statements are all presented in the first five sentences of the article’s lead section. Far from offering differing perspectives or balance, the article makes these contentious claims in Wikivoice, the statement-of-fact register that reflects the site’s own encyclopedic perspective. (For example: “Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics.”)

The use of this tone is one of the most valuable tools wielded by savvy editors who work to seed damaging narratives. It gives the distinct impression that these assertions are the product of neutral arbiters of information. And perhaps if that were true—that the editors responsible for crafting this content—were in fact neutral, there could be a case for presenting charged statements as fact through the use of Wikipedia’s voice.

The reality, however, is that Wikipedia’s HAF narrative, and the details that flesh it out, have been constructed by four Wikipedia editors whose editing history raises important questions about their links to the ideological network that opposes HAF and its mission. Together, these four users are responsible for 80% of the text currently on the HAF page.

This is not to allege that the group have colluded in the digital equivalent of smoky backrooms—quiet Discord servers or secret Whatsapp groups. However, neither do these editors appear to be a collection of random Wikipedia volunteers. Proof of this runs straight through the platform’s own public metadata.

The effort to reshape the narrative about HAF began in early 2021. It was then that a small cluster of highly active Wikipedia editors began constructing an interconnected ecosystem of pages surrounding HAF, its critics, and the organizations aligned against it. These users include TrangaBellam, Kautilya3, Llightex, and Shahinshah121. Another user, Vanamonde93, one of the most powerful administrators on the site, frequently intervened in ways that appear to support the core cluster.

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Around the time that the effort to refashion HAF’s profile on Wikipedia began, an escalating off-platform campaign was beginning to take shape. In April 2021, a professor of South Asian history at Rutgers named Audrey Truschke launched a series of attacks against HAF, accusing the group of promoting Hindu nationalism in the United States and amplifying claims on Twitter that insinuated impropriety related to federal COVID relief funding received by HAF and other Hindu organizations.

While unknown to the broader public, for people working in the space Truschke is something of a household name. Depending on whom you ask, she is a respected historian of medieval India or one of the most polarizing figures in the American culture war over Hinduism. While her academic specialty is the Mughal court, for at least the last decade she has been known as a prolific Twitter and op-ed presence whose statements comparing Hindutva to Nazism, characterizing Hindu mythological figures in provocative terms, and casting Hindu American civic organizations as proxies for fascism.

In May 2021, HAF filed a defamation lawsuit against Truschke and a network of activist organizations, including Hindus for Human Rights and the Indian American Muslim Council. The suit alleged that a coordinated campaign of false public accusations—amplified through social media posts and media coverage tied to Al Jazeera reporting on the group—had falsely portrayed HAF as using federal COVID relief funds to promote Hindu nationalism and anti-Muslim extremism

But months before the suit was filed, the Wikipedia infrastructure surrounding the conflict was already taking shape.

In March 2021, just two months before the defamation suit was filed, the leading editor on the HAF entry, TrangaBellam, created the Wikipedia biography of Audrey Truschke. TrangaBellam is still by far the dominant editor on the Truschke entry, with over 57% authorship, compared with under 5% for the third-ranked user on the entry.

Over the next few months, Truschke’s entry would expand in ways that curiously mirrored her own well publicized narrative about alleged threats she was facing from what she publicly called the Hindu Right.

In blog posts , Truschke alleged that she was being victimized by these groups. Within weeks, her Wikipedia entry did not just carry this same messaging, but was structured around it, with the claim made in the very first sentences of the page:

Truschke has been a frequent target of harassment by supporters of Hindutva, who accuse her of having prejudiced views on Hinduism, and making offensive statements; scholars reject the charges.

One of the main sources for the claim that Truschke was being subjected to harassment by "people affiliated with Hindutva” was an oped in the Washington Post—co-authored by Truschke herself. Another source for the claim pointed to the creation of a “Hindutva Harassment Field Manual” created by a group called South Asia Scholar Activist Collective (SASAC), a group co-founded by Truschke.

The claim that Truschke had been targeted by “people affiliated with Hindutva” was added to the entry on July 10, 2021 by TrangaBellam. The same day, that same editor added text to the entry asserting that Truschke had formed a “collective to combat increasing harassment of South Asian scholars,” a clear reference to the SASAC, which Truschke co-founded. (Truschke did not respond to a request for comment.)

The addition of this detail took place just nine days after the domain name for the SASAC was registered, according to WHOIS records, and only four days after the first recorded snapshot of the SASAC website being live. In this space of time, an editor presumably unrelated to the SASAC had not only become aware of this nascent, obscure organization and its new website, but had also found time to write it into the factual record on Wikipedia.

On July 21, less than two weeks after making that crucial edit to Truschke’s entry regarding allegations of Hindu-led harassment, TrangaBellam made their first edit to the Hindu American Foundation entry. Over the next few months, TrangaBellam would begin shoring up one of the key narratives that would shape the page—the claim that HAF’s defamation suit against Truschke and related NGOs represented an unprecedented attack on academic freedom.

The citations for many these claims frequently violated Wikipedia’s own sourcing rules, including a general prohibition against self-published and firsthand sources. Some of these citations used the website of Hindus for Human Rights—a litigant in the suit—as a source for claims against HAF, a clear violation.

But TrangaBellam was not the only editor with an unexplained focus on the SASAC. The day after that editor added the claim that the organization had been formed to protect scholars from the Hindu right, another account, Shahinshah121—another member of the HAF editing cluster—made the same addition to the Hindutva entry.

Shahinshah121 wrote:

In 2021, a group of North American-based scholars formed the and published the Hindutva Harassment Field Manual to, they argue, answer the Hindutva threat to their academic freedom.

Like TrangaBellam, Shahinshah121 added links to the then days-old SASAC website, as well as to the standalone website of the organization’s recently published “Field Manual,” whose domain had been registered 12 days before and whose first recorded snapshot on Archive.org was on July 6, 2021—five days before Shahinshah121 attempted to write the organization into the Wikipedia record.

But that wasn’t the only unusual activity surrounding the account. That same day, Shahinshah began editing the HAF page, inserting claims of anti-Muslim sentiment among some of the group’s members.

Three days before making claims about HAF and the Hindu right, Shahinshah121 had attempted to create the first Wikipedia entry for the SASAC. Shahinshah made this attempt on July 8, just two days after the first recorded version of the SASAC website went live, and a week after its domain name was registered. The submission was rejected by admins for being insufficiently notable—unsurprising since the group was all but unheard of. Despite this, Shahinshah was undeterred. The account would make another three attempts to create the SASAC entry, each rejected in turn. (The SASAC did not respond to a request for comment.)

Shahinshah would go on to make a total of 24 edits to the HAF entry—almost half of all the account’s active entry edits over its lifetime. It made just six edits to its second most edited entry, Hindutva. On the vast majority of entries edited by Shahinsah, the account contributed just a single edit, demonstrating behavior of what Wikipedia calls a Single Purpose Account.

Over the course of the two-dozen edits it made to the HAF entry, Shahinshah would successfully implant one of the most damaging unsubstantiated narratives about the organization—that it’s a foreign agent acting on behalf of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s BJP Party. However, the context surrounding this allegation raises far more questions than it answers.

In 2025, HAF was named in a complaint to the Department of Justice, alleging that the HAF operates as an unregistered foreign agent. The statement, still on the HAF entry, claims that:

In 2025, the HAF was named in a complaint to the Department of Justice, alleging that the HAF operates as an unregistered foreign agent of India's BJP…

This is as damning an allegation for an American advocacy organization as can be imagined. The problem is that it wasn’t true. While the statement might clear some very low bar of technical accuracy, the reality is that the diligently constructed sentence rests on a clever sleight of hand.

Most readers skimming the HAF entry would see the terms “Department of Justice,” “complaint,” and “unregistered foreign agent” and draw the inevitable conclusion: the DOJ had investigated HAF for working as an unregistered foreign agent. However, a closer look at the sources on the HAF entry reveals that a Sikh group in California, the Fremont Gurdwara Sahib, engaged a law firm to write and submit an unsolicited letter to the DOJ making these claims. The group then issued a press release.

On its own, this would amount to very little had it not been for a slurry of headlines in leftwing media based on the press release. Mother Jones, in a story titled The Murky Relationship Between the Hindu American Foundation and an Indian Embassy, called the story a “bombshell.” The Guardian ran its own coverage, noting that the DOJ had been “urged” to investigate.

The reality is that not only did the DOJ never announce any investigation; it didn’t even provide comment for the stories. While the headlines made it seem as if HAF had been on the brink of facing a federal investigation, the reality behind those headlines is that, as far as anyone knew, the complaint could has been sitting in an unread DOJ inbox ever since.

this was not the story told on Wikipedia, largely by Shahinshah, the editors that tried three times to create an entry for SASAC. The context behind the DOJ “complaint” was never included. Instead, a passive construction—HAF was named in a complaint—obscured this extraordinary sequence of events that turned a press release based on a letter from a private law firm into a damning allegation on the world’s biggest knowledge platform.

Months before the July editing spike, another editor had been actively working on the page. The earliest signal of the account’s stance toward the subject came on May 8, 2017, at 18:22 UTC, when Kautilya3 executed an edit that erased an attempt to balance the page’s framing. The edit summary read: “this is not the private web site of the Hindu American Foundation!” The edit suggests that Kautilya3 viewed HAF’s own perspective as something to be excluded from the article—a pattern that would later reappear in the 2021 removal of HAF’s self-defences.

In January 2021, Kautilya3, the second most active editor on the page, began removing blocks of text that presented the other side of almost every major allegation against the group. On January 14, Kautilya3 removed over 5,000 bytes, including a paragraph quoting a former HAF board member saying, “HAF has absolutely no links to any Hindu nationalist social, political or religious groups in the United States or India.”

The grounds that Kautilya3 provided was that the references for the paragraphs were either “self-sourced defenses” or non-reliable sources. This was a strange note, given that some of the most damaging criticism on the page were sourced to self-published sites, like the SASAC website.

Kautilya continued to edit the page, radically reshaping the group’s profile in a series of quiet edits. On September 16, the account made one of the most impactful edits, changing the second sentence to radically reframe the organization in its entirety. Before the edit, the lead defined HAF as rights group, stating:

HAF is involved in the areas of human rights, civil rights and education among others.

After Kautilya3’s intervention, HAF was transformed into nationalist group working to further a mission rooted in deceit:

The organisation has its roots in the Hindu nationalist organisation Vishwa Hindu Parishad America and its student wing Hindu Students Council. According to its critics, the HAF has repackaged the Hindu nationalist agenda in the language of “Hindu rights” in a way to suit mainstream American politics.

These edits came on the heels of TrangaBellam’s intensive spate of editing in that same month. With two editors pushing the same narrative frame, working in tandem to reinforce each other’s efforts, there was little chance that the page, which had been more or less stable for a period of years, would have maintained balance—at least without the intervention of an admin.

In fact, an admin did intervene. However, that intervention only crystallized the narrative taking shape. This was, in large part, due to the nature of that admin. On September 16, Vanamonde93 stepped in to make yet another seemingly minor change that would, in practice, have lasting impact. They did so by renaming a section heading from “Alleged Hindu Nationalist Ties” to simply “Hindu nationalist ties.” In a single minute, the claim went from an allegation to an accepted fact.

The real significance was much deeper. There are today 810 registered admins on Wikipedia, most of them accounts with base level “tools,” or admin privileges. However, two much more rarefied groups of admins exist. One is called checkusers, admins with the ability to look up the IP addresses of any Wikipedia editor. Another group is called oversighters, admins who can delete virtually any bit of information on the site, without leaving trace of it being there. There are only 32 admins on Wikipedia who are both checkusers and oversighters. Vanamonde93 is one of them.

Mirroring what had by then become a familiar pattern, Vanamonde93 appeared on another related page two days after editing the HAF article: Audrey Truschke.

In 2018, Truschke sparked controversy with a tweet saying that in a Hindu text, a deity had called another deity a 'misogynistic pig’. In defending that interpretation, Truschke cited a translation of the text by distinguished Berkeley Sanskritist Robert Goldman. Goldman later publicly rejected that characterization, stating that Truschke was “in no way quoting our translation,” describing her language as “extremely inappropriate.” Given the prominence of the controversy, Goldman’s dismissal had itself become a notable part of the public dispute surrounding Truschke’s work.

On September 18, 2021, Vanamonde93 arrived on the Truschke page. Over the next twelve minutes he stripped out the references to Goldman's response—the "shocking and extremely inappropriate" language, and the surrounding context around the controversy. His edit summary asked: "how is this remotely an acceptable source for unattributed controversial assertions in a BLP?"

On the talk page, he argued the source, an email published in Swarajya magazine, was deprecated under Wikipedia policy. By the time he was done, the controversy was still on the page, but it was thinner, and friendlier to Truschke. Material unfavorable to Truschke got rigorous sourcing scrutiny. Material hostile to HAF, including self-published activist material, did not.

On February 23, 2026, between 17:50 and 18:44 UTC, Vanamonde93 made a quick run of edits. Each one cited Wikipedia policy. The most significant removed a public statement from HAF's executive director, Suhag Shukla, explaining the organization's defamation lawsuit. The grounds: Wikipedia's rule against primary sources. Kautilya3 had used the same rule in January 2021 to strip out HAF's self-defenses. HAF's own statement about its own lawsuit was deemed off-limits. The activist sources and op-eds framing the lawsuit as an attack on academic freedom stayed.

On January 12, 2022, Kautilya3 made two consecutive edits to the opening paragraphs that, taken individually, look procedural. At 12:20 UTC, the account reverted the page to what the edit summary described as the “last clean version,” undoing changes made by another editor. Thirteen minutes later, they adjusted the lead’s hyperlinks. The word “Hindu” had previously linked to the Wikipedia article Hinduism in the United States, a neutral demographic and cultural entry. Kautilya3 removed that link. The phrase “Hindu nationalist” was given a new link, pointing to the Wikipedia article Hindutva, the explicitly ideological article on Hindu nationalism.

A reader clicking through from the article’s opening lines would no longer arrive at the demographic context of Hindu life in the United States; they would arrive at the ideology. Alongside enforcing the narrative, Kautilya3 ensures the page remains procedurally defensible under Wikipedia policy. The result is an article that reads as critical but stable, rather than overtly adversarial or editorially driven.

The clearest example came on August 4, 2023, when TrangaBellam inserted the term “right-wing” into the article. Kautilya3 reverted the edit, writing: “there is nothing in the body about being ‘right-wing’, whatever that means.” The distinction reflects Wikipedia’s sourcing requirements for article content.

The article’s framing was established through substantive edits in 2021 that went largely unchallenged, and subsequent attempts to revise it are filtered through procedural standards that reinforce that original structure.

Kautilya3’s operation on the HAF page is not confined to the page. The account also holds 25.3% authorship of the Wikipedia page for the Indian American Muslim Council, one of the organizations HAF named in its defamation suit, and one of the most active advocacy groups in the ecosystem opposing HAF. The same editor curating HAF’s profile as a Hindu nationalist proxy is simultaneously the lead curator of the digital profile of one of HAF’s principal organizational adversaries. The page that frames HAF as an instrument of Hindu nationalism and the page that frames the IAMC as a legitimate civil rights group are being shaped, in significant part, by the same account.

The cross-page work extends further. Kautilya3 holds 41.4% authorship of the Wikipedia page on caste discrimination in the United States, the broader subject that the HAF caste-denialism narrative slots into. On January 22, 2026, the account executed a targeted reversion on that page, scrubbing contextual material including diaspora critiques of SB 403 and methodological challenges to the Equality Labs survey that underpins much of the caste-discrimination framing that would have complicated the picture. The effect is that the academic echo chamber TrangaBellam built on the HAF page is mirrored on the broader national caste page, with Kautilya3 ensuring that the same framing dominates both.

While Kautilya3 enforced the page's structure, another member of the four-member edit cluster on the HAF page, Llightex, presented a different issue. To see why, you have to look beyond the HAF article to the network of pages Llightex has built around it, and at a disclosure the account made on a talk page.

On a talk page, Llightex disclosed "past work with" Hindus for Human Rights, one of the principal defendants in HAF's 2021 defamation lawsuit. The phrasing is vague. Wikipedia's conflict-of-interest rules distinguish between employees, contractors, advisors, and paid editors, but Llightex didn't say which applied. "Past work with" could be a job, consulting, advocacy, anything in between. Whatever it was, the account considered it serious enough to disclose.

That same account went on to become the dominant author of several interconnected pages tied to the lawsuit.

On January 5, 2022, Llightex created the Wikipedia article for Hindus for Human Rights. Just four days later, the account began editing the HAF article, entirely restructuring its lead to cast the group as a far-right nationalist organization—exactly the framing advanced for months by Hindus for Human Rights, the group Llightex publicly acknowledged “past work with.”

Over the following weeks, Llightex would execute dozens of consecutive edits to build out the entry’s history and advocacy sections. By January 2022, Hindus for Human Rights had been a defendant in HAF’s defamation lawsuit for eight months. The litigation was active. The plaintiff was HAF. The defendant was the organization whose Wikipedia page was being single-handedly authored, in that window, by an editor who has since disclosed past work with it. Today, Llightex retains roughly 79% authorship of the page.

The pattern extended outward across 2022. Llightex executed a concentrated overhaul of the Indian American Muslim Council page, another organization named in HAF’s defamation suit. In under forty minutes, the account added the IAMC’s logo, infobox, and content describing its advocacy work—building out the page in a way that would stabilize it, turning it into a robust representation of the group and anchoring its credibility in Wikipedia’s knowledge ecosystem. (IAMC did not respond to a request for comment.)

The edit summary noted the addition of “more information about work with CAG”—The Coalition Against Genocide, an affiliated activist coalition. CAG would itself be cited as a source in characterizations of HAF in its Wikipedia article, which today relies, to a significant degree, on a 2013 CAG dossier mapping HAF’s founding leadership to overseas-affiliated entities. The dossier’s role as encyclopedic citation, and the IAMC’s structural ties to CAG, both pass through pages whose substantial authorship belongs to Llightex.

On July 14, 2022, at 16:51 UTC, Llightex formally linked the Hindus for Human Rights entry to a newly built page for Sunita Vishwanath, the co-founder and a named defendant in HAF’s lawsuit. The account holds approximately 87% authorship of Vishwanath’s biography. The activist organization, its co-founder, and its allied advocacy body, each had with a Wikipedia profile substantially shaped by the same account. (Vishwanath did not respond to a request for comment.)

One editor with a prior relationship to one side of the lawsuit was shaping Wikipedia's coverage of all of it: the defendant, the defendant's co-founder, the allied advocacy groups, and the plaintiff suing them.

On November 4, 2022, at 15:29 UTC, the account applied two moderation tags to the top of the HAF article: {{Lead too short}} and {{POV}}. The Point of View tag, in Wikipedia’s editorial grammar, is an assertion that an article fails the neutral point of view policy. On the talk page, Llightex’s justification for the tag demanded more elaboration on HAF’s “non-Hindu nationalist activities.” The phrasing itself revealed the underlying assumption: that Hindu nationalist alignment was already the article’s baseline characterization, and the question was how much mitigating context should be added around it. The neutrality tag was being used to set the procedural ground for a lead expansion to follow.

Seven weeks later, that expansion arrived. On December 21, 2022, HAF’s defamation lawsuit against Hindus for Human Rights was dismissed. The legal substance of the dismissal turned on technical questions about malice standards and the boundary between actionable defamation and protected opinion. On the same day, the cluster converged on the HAF talk page to determine how the dismissal would be characterized. TrangaBellam, Kautilya3, and Llightex all participated. Kautilya3 produced the distillation that would carry through to the article":

Talk Pages 10:13, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

The editor who had built Hindus for Human Rights's Wikipedia page—and who had disclosed past work with the organization—was now helping write Wikipedia's account of how HfHR had beaten HAF in court. (HfHR did not respond to a request for comment.)

Llightex did not stop at participating in the talk page discussion. The same day, the account executed a sequence of substantive edits across the visa, caste, and lawsuit sections—most consequentially, an expansion of the defamation suit section, while restoring disputed material pending later discussion on the talk page. The defendant’s biographer was now writing the plaintiff’s encyclopedic summary of the lawsuit the defendant had won. The expansion reframed the litigation primarily through the perspective of the defense.

At 14:07, Llightex expanded the lead, the edit summary describing the change as bringing it to “fully cover the article’s content.” The expansion added breadth—listing HAF’s stated activities, including its advocacy regarding yoga, caste discrimination, and Hindu persecution. The lead as it reads today retains Llightex’s structural expansion: it still lists HAF’s campaigns on yoga, caste, and persecution. But each of those listed activities is now prefixed with hedging language—HAF “alleges” to focus on these issues and the section closes with the characterization, drawn from critics, that these efforts function as “an attempt to rebrand Hindutva as ‘Hindu rights.’” The structure is Llightex’s. The framing accumulated afterward.

Later that day, at 14:53, the Cisco caste discrimination lawsuit was added, linking HAF into the broader caste-discrimination narrative that Kautilya3 was simultaneously curating on the standalone Caste Discrimination in the United States page. In an edit summary that captures the cluster’s working method, Llightex described their own approach: “Adding back edits except for the lead, so we can discuss the lead on the talk page.” The edits were being installed first; the discussion was being scheduled to follow.

On August 15, 2023, in a concentrated thirty-minute window, Llightex executed a structural overhaul of the HAF article. The activism section was restructured, with the Modi visa material moved into its own section to give it greater prominence. At 04:03 UTC, the Hindu nationalist ties section was relocated under “Establishment”—a structural decision that placed the allegation of Hindu nationalist origins inside the article’s foundational narrative rather than treating it as a downstream characterization. In half an hour, the article’s architecture had been rearranged. The Modi visa material was promoted. The Hindu nationalist ties section was placed in the article’s establishment narrative. The defamation suit section was expanded—again, by the disclosed former affiliate of the defendant.

The conflict-of-interest disclosure is the detail that anchors the section’s significance. Llightex’s user page acknowledges past work with Hindus for Human Rights. The same user page acknowledges paid editing for the Linux Foundation and the Open Source Security Foundation. The account is, in other words, demonstrably familiar with Wikipedia’s conflict of interest framework. Following administrator guidance, Llightex transitioned away from directly editing the Linux Foundation and OSSF pages in favor of the formal edit-request process. The same procedural transition was not adopted for the HAF page.

The cluster’s reliance on Llightex’s network of pages is structural. The HAF article’s establishment section cites a 2013 dossier from the Coalition Against Genocide—a coalition whose primary Wikipedia node, the IAMC page, is substantially authored by Llightex. The HAF article’s characterization of the lawsuit relies on statements and reporting involving Hindus for Human Rights, whose Wikipedia page Llightex created and largely authored. The HAF article also cites the Georgetown Bridge Initiative as a source for claims linking HAF to overseas nationalist groups, while the Indian American Muslim Council, whose Wikipedia profile is likewise substantially shaped by Llightex, maintains institutional relationships within the same advocacy ecosystem.

A reader who follows the links from the HAF page to Hindus for Human Rights, Sunita Vishwanath, and the Indian American Muslim Council encounters the work of four interwoven accounts, a kind of super-editor working to advance what appears to be a unified ideological objective.

On its own, this is significant. It’s reflective of the kind of ideological warfare that now dominates contentious topics on Wikipedia. The site’s tone, its minimalist interface, and its seemingly authorless claims—which give an impression of unbiased neutrality—turn loaded claims into what passes as fact. Even more importantly, Wikipedia’s place in what Wikimedia Foundation, the NGO that owns and operates the site, calls “global knowledge infrastructure” means these claims get laundered into the downstream platforms like Google and AI.

The deeper problem, however, is that Wikipedia readers, as well as consumers of information downstream of the site, are handed a smoothed-over narrative that covers deeply rooted conflicts and disputes. In this case, readers are never made aware of the Sikh separatist movement in India that is seeking a state of its own, and, because of this, strongly opposes the kind of nationalism advocated by Narendra Modi.

In this sense, the entry’s previous work of associating HAF with Hindu nationalism provided a platform for the foreign agent narrative, itself an element that smuggled into the entry deeper context concerning the geopolitical currents related to a much broader conflict. Had any of this been stated, and had the strange sequences of events that led to the headlines about a “DOJ complaint” been made plain, readers would have been able to access a more complete and accurate account of HAF’s position in this landscape. But doing so would have come with one major downside: a more complete account couldn’t co-exist with a simplistic false narrative that casts HAF as a fascism-adjacent foreign agent.

For a single institution facing this kind of de facto ideological coordination, the damage can be devastating. Wikipedia’s abuse monitoring and remediation systems are highly problematic. In the best case, abuse is caught and coordination identified. But even when individual editors are censured, their edits, often amounting to years worth of activity (as it is in this case) remain on the affected pages. The damage is done. More than that, as the pages continue to surface on Google and get fed into AI systems, it continues to be done.

But it’s at the broader information ecosystem where the full impact of this kind of coordination is really felt. The underlying promise of Wikipedia is that the power of crowdsourcing isn’t just about the ability to scale otherwise expensive “information labor” (as we might call it); it’s that the very act of including multiple perspectives in the knowledge generation process stamps out noise—like bias, ideological contamination, commercial and political interest—and elevates signal.

In practice, the opposite turns out to be true. It’s precisely on account of Wikipedia’s crowdsourced nature that a cluster of just four editors were able to invert a page, taking it from an account of a civil rights organization advocating for an ethnic minority to a dossier making the most extreme possible allegations about a far-right nationalist group working to subvert the very values it espouses.

Perhaps the involvement of another 10 or 20 editors on a page like this one could actually deliver on the promise of crowdsourced neutrality. But that is not the scenario we see play out in hundreds, if not thousands of pages like that of HAF, where the “crowd” in the dynamic is replaced by a determined cluster.

This phenomenon—what we might call clustersourcing—is altering the information ecosystem in ways we don’t yet fully understand. As knowledge platforms like Wikipedia, continue to serve as disproportionately influential sources for AI systems, what we do know is that four or, in a different context 40, anonymous accounts can have an enormous impact on what millions of people believe to be the truth.

(Wikimedia Foundation did not respond to a request for comment.)